The Architecture of the Invisible: Epistemic Violence, Digital Labour, and Indigenous Representation in Aranya Sahay’s Humans in the Loop (2024)

Introduction: The Myth of the Autonomous Machine
The prevailing global narrative surrounding Artificial Intelligence is one of sterile, disembodied magic. We are repeatedly sold the myth of the "autonomous machine"—a self-sustaining, algorithmic brain functioning flawlessly in the ethereal cloud, entirely devoid of human messiness. However, the stark, material reality is that the entire architecture of global AI is built upon the exhausted shoulders of thousands of invisible human hands. As part of an ongoing exploration into contemporary film and digital culture, guided by the analytical frameworks provided in Prof. Dilip Barad’s Film Studies worksheet, this blog post attempts a deep dive into Aranya Sahay’s devastatingly brilliant 2024 film, Humans in the Loop.

The film serves as a necessary corrective to the Silicon Valley mythos. It follows the life of Nehma, an Adivasi woman from the rural landscapes of Jharkhand, who finds herself thrust into the monotonous, precarious, and grossly underpaid world of AI data-labelling. Through her lived experience, Sahay masterfully exposes the harsh realities of the digital economy, highlighting the violent clash between rigid algorithmic logic and rich indigenous knowledge. This blog will systematically unpack the film through various critical lenses—ranging from Marxist Film Theory to Epistemology and Structuralism—to reveal how the cinematic apparatus renders the invisible visible.

Pre-Viewing Task: The Socio-Technical Landscape

Before one can adequately analyze the cinematic techniques Sahay employs, it is crucial to establish the socio-economic frameworks that govern Nehma’s claustrophobic world. The film is fundamentally a critique of modern techno-capitalism and its reliance on invisible labor forces.

1. The Architecture of "Ghost Work"

The global tech industry, headquartered in the affluent spaces of the Global North, relies heavily on a shadow workforce predominantly located in the Global South. This phenomenon, often termed "ghost work," forms the backbone of machine learning. Behind the seemingly seamless magic of generative AI, facial recognition software, and automated content moderation are thousands of human workers spending grueling hours clicking, tagging, bounding, and labeling data. Humans in the Loop places this ghost work at the absolute center of its narrative. By moving the camera away from the sleek tech campuses of California and placing it firmly in rural Jharkhand, the film demystifies AI, exposing it not as a miracle of coding, but as the product of cheap, outsourced manual data entry.

2. Marxist Alienation in the Digital Age

Applying Marxist Film Theory to Nehma’s situation reveals her as the ultimate alienated worker of the 21st century. Karl Marx argued that under capitalism, workers are alienated in four distinct ways: from the products of their labor, from the act of production, from their own human nature, and from other workers. Nehma perfectly embodies this multi-tiered alienation. She spends her days training an Artificial Intelligence system that will likely never benefit her, her family, or her community. She does not own the means of production (the algorithms), nor does she own the data she refines. She is reduced to a biological cog in a massive digital machine, selling her cognitive and visual labor for literal pennies while tech monopolies reap billions in profit.

3. The Illusion of the Autonomous Machine

The invisibility of Nehma's labor is not an accident; it is a design feature of modern capitalism. Tech conglomerates deliberately hide this labor force to maintain the illusion that machines are learning autonomously. If consumers realized that "artificial intelligence" is actually powered by underpaid women in developing nations manually clicking on images of traffic lights and trees, the futuristic allure of the product would shatter. Sahay’s film is a radical act of unmasking; it brings the digital proletariat out of the shadows and forces the audience to confront the hidden human cost of our everyday digital convenience.

Active Watching Task: Cinematic Form and Apparatus Theory

Aranya Sahay does not merely present a socio-political lecture; he utilizes the full arsenal of the cinematic apparatus to make the audience feel Nehma's exploitation. A close reading of the film's form reveals how deeply Sahay understands the medium.

1. Mise-en-scène and Visual Juxtaposition

The film brilliantly constructs a visual dichotomy between two distinct worlds. On one side, we are presented with the lush, organic, textured, and deeply historical landscape of Jharkhand. The cinematography here is sweeping, capturing the rich earth tones and the expansive sky. On the other side, we have the cold, sterile, rigid, and intensely blue glow of the digital interface. Sahay frequently uses tight, restrictive framing when Nehma is working. The camera physically traps her within the boundaries of her workspace, visually representing how the digital economy confines her existence. The glowing rectangular screen becomes a prison cell within her own home.

2. Sound Design as Alienation

The auditory experience of Humans in the Loop is an absolute triumph of sound design, acting as a direct mirror to Nehma’s internal alienation. In her moments of brief respite, the audience is treated to the rich, ambient, layered sounds of her natural environment—wind through the leaves, distant village chatter, the organic hum of life. However, the moment she opens her laptop, this soundscape is violently interrupted. The soundtrack becomes dominated by the repetitive, mechanical, hollow clicks of her mouse and the synthetic, low-frequency hum of the machine. The relentless clicking serves as an auditory metronome ticking away her life force, emphasizing the excruciating tedium of her labor.

3. Apparatus Theory and the Viewer's Complicity

Applying Apparatus Theory—which examines how the cinematic mechanism itself shapes the ideological impact on the viewer—we see that Sahay is playing a highly sophisticated game. The pacing of the film is deliberately slow, methodical, and repetitive. By keeping the camera closely tethered to Nehma’s point of view over her shoulder, the film forces the audience to engage in the act of data-labeling alongside her. We watch a screen, watching a woman, watching a screen. This creates a profound sense of complicity. By forcing us to endure the slow pacing and watch her label image after mundane image, the film aggressively strips away the sleek, futuristic glamour of Artificial Intelligence and turns the cinematic apparatus back on the audience, demanding that we acknowledge our role in the consumption of this ghost work.

Post-Viewing Task 1: Epistemological Violence

Beyond the physical and economic exploitation of labor, Humans in the Loop tackles a profound intellectual theme: AI bias and the clash of deeply incompatible knowledge systems.

1. Algorithmic Bias and Cultural Artifacts

Algorithms are often falsely presented as neutral, objective mathematics. However, the film meticulously demonstrates that algorithms are cultural artifacts. They are predominantly designed by programmers in the West and are trained to recognize and categorize the world through a distinctly Western, capitalist, and often patriarchal lens. When these systems require "training," they demand that the complex, fluid human realities of the Global South be forced into the rigid, pre-determined categories established by the Global North.

> SYSTEM QUERY: IS THIS A ROAD?
> INPUT REQUIRED: [YES] OR [NO]
> ERROR: CULTURAL CONTEXT NOT FOUND.
> AWAITING HUMAN LABEL...

2. Structuralism vs. Indigenous Epistemology

This dynamic can be analyzed powerfully through a Structuralist lens. Structuralism posits that human culture is best understood in terms of its relationship to a broader, overarching system or structure. The AI interface in the film represents the ultimate, unyielding structure—a world defined entirely by fixed data points and binary choices. In stark contrast, Nehma possesses a deep, lived indigenous epistemology. Her Adivasi worldview understands nature, society, and existence in interconnected, non-binary, and spiritually resonant terms. Her knowledge system does not fit neatly into the algorithm's dropdown menus.

3. Digital Colonization and Erasure

The conflict between these two systems results in what can only be described as epistemic violence. For instance, when the AI asks her to categorize an image of a sacred grove of trees, the algorithm only offers utilitarian labels like "Timber Resource," "Park," or "Obstacle." It entirely lacks the vocabulary for "Sacred Space" or "Living Ancestor." As Prof. Dilip Barad rightly points out in his own writings on AI bias, this lack of nuance is not merely a technological glitch; it is a form of digital colonization. The AI actively erases indigenous perspectives by refusing to acknowledge categories of existence outside of its programmed worldview. When Nehma hesitates to label an image, it is not because she is uneducated—it is because the AI lacks the fundamental capacity to comprehend the depth and sacredness of her reality. The machine forces her to flatten her own culture to earn a wage.

Post-Viewing Task 2: Politics of Representation

It is also essential to address how Humans in the Loop navigates the politics of cultural representation. Historically, mainstream Indian cinema has had a disastrous track record regarding the representation of Adivasi communities. They are frequently relegated to the margins of the narrative, depicted either through a lens of extreme, exoticized primitivism or as helpless victims requiring rescue by a saviour from the dominant caste/class.

Sahay aggressively subverts this legacy. Nehma is not a passive subject of history; she is the absolute center of a hyper-modern, globalized narrative. She is an active agent who is, quite literally, shaping the future of global technology with every click of her mouse. While she is undoubtedly exploited by the system, the film grants her immense dignity, agency, and interiority. Her quiet moments of rebellion—such as intentionally mislabeling images that offend her cultural sensibilities—are portrayed as acts of profound resistance against a monolithic digital empire. Furthermore, by centering an Adivasi woman in a narrative about Artificial Intelligence, Sahay breaks the persistent stereotype that technology and the future belong exclusively to urban, upper-class characters, demanding that we recognize the indigenous presence at the very foundation of our digital future.

Conclusion: The Echoes of the Void

Aranya Sahay’s Humans in the Loop is not merely a film; it is a vital, urgent, and necessary sociological document. It shatters the pristine illusions surrounding Artificial Intelligence by forcefully returning our gaze to the exploited, exhausted human hands that build it brick by digital brick.

Through its deliberate pacing, stark visual contrasts, and deeply empathetic portrayal of its protagonist, the film challenges our most deeply held assumptions about progress, the nature of labor, and the hierarchy of knowledge. It forces us to ask uncomfortable questions about the technologies we consume so unthinkingly. Are we building a future that understands the vast, beautiful complexity of the human experience, or are we building a machine that forces us all into narrow, easily digestible binary codes? Nehma’s story leaves us with a lingering, haunting realization: in our relentless, uncritical rush to build artificial intelligence, we are actively participating in the erasure of human nuance.

Works Cited

Barad, Dilip. (2026). WORKSHEET FILM SCREENING ARANYA SAHAY'S HUMANS IN THE LOOP. 10.13140/RG.2.2.11775.06568. 

McDonald, Kevin. Film Theory: The Basics. 2nd ed., Routledge, 2023.

Number Analytics. "Film Theory Essentials: Key Concepts and Frameworks." Number Analytics, 2023, https://www.numberanalytics.com/blog/film-theory-essentials.

Sahay, Aranya, director. Humans in the Loop. India, 2024.

Sui, Z., and S. Wang. "Dogme 25: Media Primitivism and New Auteurism in the Age of Artificial Intelligence." Frontiers in Communication, vol. 10, no. 1659731, 2025, https://doi.org/10.3389/fcomm.2025.1659731.

"Humans in the Loop: Aranya Sahay on Technology, AI, and Our Digital Lives." The Indian Express, 2024, https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/humans-in-the-loop-aranya-sahay-technology-ai-digital-10391699/.

Vighi, Fabio. Critical Theory and Film: Rethinking Ideology Through Film Noir. Bloomsbury Academic India, 2019.

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Exploring W.H. Auden: Power, War, and Poetry

This blog is written as a task assigned by the head of the Department of English (MKBU), Prof. Dilip Barad. Here is the link to the professor's blog for background reading: Click here.

Part 1: Understanding Difficult Couplets

While reading "Epitaph on a Tyrant," I found the final two lines particularly striking. Following the worksheet instructions, I asked an AI assistant (ChatGPT) to help me unpack this difficult couplet:

"When he laughed, respectable senators burst with laughter,
And when he cried the little children died in the streets."

My Insight & AI Explanation: This chilling couplet perfectly captures the absolute, terrifying power of a dictator. The first line highlights the sycophancy and moral cowardice of political institutions; the "respectable senators" laugh not because the tyrant is funny, but out of fear and a desperate need to appease him. The second line shifts abruptly to the horrific real-world consequences of his moods. His "tears" (personal grievances or petty angers) translate directly into brutal, arbitrary violence against the most innocent. Historically, this reflects the 1930s rise of totalitarian figures, whose personal whims possessed the unchecked power to slaughter millions.

Part 2: Analyzing Themes and Messages

1. What is the main theme of Epitaph on a Tyrant?

The main theme is the terrifying absolute power of totalitarian dictators. It highlights how their pursuit of "perfection" relies on manipulating human weakness, demanding sycophancy, and inflicting brutal violence.

2. What is the central theme of September 1, 1939?

The central theme of "September 1, 1939" is overwhelming dread and disillusionment at WWII's outbreak. It reflects a global climate of fear, totalitarianism, and collapsing peaceful democratic ideals.

3. What message does Auden convey in In Memory of W.B. Yeats?

In "In Memory of W.B. Yeats," Auden conveys that while poets die with human flaws, their art endures. Poetry survives as a healing, unifying human voice across future generations.

Part 3: Writing a Contemporary Poem

Reflecting on the political and social climate of today—where power is often wielded through digital surveillance, algorithms, and media manipulation—I wrote this contemporary version of Auden's poem, capturing the current zeitgeist.

Epitaph on a Modern Leader

Efficiency, he claimed, was his ultimate goal,
And the algorithms he wrote were simple to digest;
He knew our digital fears beating in every chest,
And was deeply invested in firewalls and screens;
When he smiled, the pundits nodded and played their role,
And when he frowned, the drones leveled the distant ravines.

Part 4: The Echoes of a Low Dishonest Decade

An Analysis of "September 1, 1939" Using ChatGPT

Following the instructions in Worksheet 2, after studying Prof. Barad's blog, I used ChatGPT to prompt specific questions about Auden’s "September 1, 1939." The AI generated fascinating insights regarding the imagery, structure, and historical weight of the poem, which I have synthesized into the following analysis.

Sitting in a "dive" on Fifty-second Street, Auden penned this poem as the world stood on the precipice of World War II. It serves as a profound meditation on the outbreak of global conflict, reflecting his deep disillusionment with the political and social climate of the 1930s. The primary themes revolve around fear, isolation, the cyclical nature of human violence, and the desperate need for human connection, famously encapsulated in the plea: "We must love one another or die."

Auden’s masterful use of language grounds the poem's lofty political themes in harsh, modern realities. Through my exploration with ChatGPT, I gained a deeper appreciation for how Auden contrasts the intimate, dimly lit bar with the macrocosm of a world plunging into darkness. The AI highlighted his striking description of New York's "blind skyscrapers," which use their sheer height to project "the strength of Collective Man." This imagery critiques capitalist hubris and the illusion of isolationism, suggesting that these towering structures are completely oblivious to the impending European doom. Structurally, the poem’s tightly controlled, eleven-line stanzas with an irregular meter create a conversational intimacy mixed with underlying anxiety, mirroring the speaker's turbulent state of mind.

The historical context is inescapable. Written on the exact day Hitler invaded Poland, the poem captures the death of what Auden bitterly dubs a "low dishonest decade." He traces the roots of totalitarian aggression back through history, referencing "Linz" (Hitler's hometown) and the cultural psychopathology of a nation that produced such a dictator. He recognizes the universal human flaw of selfishness—"Those to whom evil is done / Do evil in return"—making this new war feel tragic, yet deeply inevitable.

Using ChatGPT allowed me to see beyond the immediate historical references and tap into the poem's psychological depth. The AI pointed out how Auden moves seamlessly from global political critique to an examination of individual responsibility. We are all, as the poem suggests, "children afraid of the night / Who have never been happy or good." This insight helped me realize that Auden is not just blaming dictators; he is diagnosing a universal condition of human ego and isolation.

Classroom Worksheet 

Conclusion

By using ChatGPT to analyze Auden's poem "September 1, 1939," I have gained a deeper understanding of the poem's themes, language, and historical context. I have also developed my skills in literary analysis and interpretation, which will serve me well in my future studies of literature.

References

Auden, W. H. “Epitaph on a Tyrant.” Poets.org, 1940, poets.org/poem/epitaph-tyrant. Accessed 15 Feb. 2026.

---. “In Memory of W. B. Yeats.” Poets.org, 1939, poets.org/poem/memory-w-b-yeats. Accessed 15 Feb. 2026.

---. “September 1, 1939.” Poets.org, 1939, poets.org/poem/september-1-1939. Accessed 15 Feb. 2026.

Barad, Dilip. “Epitaph on a Tyrant | W H Auden | 2021 05 05 | Sem 2 Hybrid Classes.” YouTube, uploaded by DoE-MKBU, 5 May 2012, youtu.be/ZnqPB0mjoq8. Accessed 15 Feb. 2026.

---. “In Memory of W.B. Yeats | W.H. Auden | Sem 2: Hybrid Classes | 2021 05 07.” YouTube, uploaded by DoE-MKBU, 7 May 2021, youtu.be/L-85uCBN0SI. Accessed 15 Feb. 2026.

---. “September 1 1939 | W H Auden | Sem 2 Hybrid Classes 2021 05 06.” YouTube, uploaded by DoE-MKBU, 6 May 2021, youtu.be/VmGlS-ZT8MU. Accessed 15 Feb. 2026.

---. “W.H. Auden’s Poems.” Dilip Barad | Teacher Blog, 22 May 2021, blog.dilipbarad.com/2021/05/wh-auden-poems.html. Accessed 15 Feb. 2026.

Waiting for Wisdom: A Dharmic Reading of Beckett’s Waiting for Godot

Prof. Dilip Barad has tasked this blog with the task of examining Samuel Beckett's 'Waiting for Godot' from the perspective of the Indian Knowledge System, with a particular emphasis on the Bhagavad Gita.

Introduction

In the bleak landscape of the Theatre of the Absurd, Vladimir and Estragon stand as iconic figures of paralysis. For decades, Western criticism has viewed their plight through the lens of existentialism—two men abandoned in a godless universe, waiting for a meaning that never arrives. But what happens if we shift our gaze from the Western canon to the ancient wisdom of the Bhagavad Gita?

This blog attempts to bridge the gap between Samuel Beckett’s 20th-century void and the timeless philosophy of Kurukshetra. By reading Waiting for Godot through the concepts of Karma, Maya, and Kala, we discover that the tragedy of Didi and Gogo is not just that Godot doesn't come, but that they have forgotten how to act.

Section A: Conceptual Warm-Up

1. The Crisis of Inaction: Vishada vs. Ennui

In the opening chapter of the Gita, Arjuna suffers from Vishada (deep despondency). He casts aside his bow, paralyzed by the moral weight of the impending battle. Similarly, Vladimir and Estragon experience a crippling existential crisis. They consider parting ways, they consider hanging themselves, but ultimately, "They do not move."

However, the difference lies in the nature of their paralysis. Arjuna’s crisis is a spiritual turning point; his despondency leads him to question the nature of duty (Dharma) and seek enlightenment. Didi and Gogo’s crisis is one of Tamas (inertia). Their paralysis does not lead to inquiry; it leads to decay. They are trapped in a state of Ennui, fearful of action because they lack the spiritual clarity to define their purpose.

2. The Failure of Karma Yoga

Lord Krishna teaches Nishkama Karma—action performed without attachment to the fruit (Phala). This is the path to liberation. Beckett’s characters represent the exact inverse of this spiritual law. They are obsessed with the "fruit" (Godot’s arrival and the salvation he promises) but refuse to perform any meaningful "action" (Karma) to achieve it.

Their "waiting" is not a spiritual vigil; it is a stagnant non-action. Because they are attached to a result that never comes, their inaction becomes a source of suffering (Dukkha). They illustrate the Gita’s warning that inaction is not freedom; it is a bondage to one's own fears.

3. Cyclical Time (Kala)

The Gita presents time (Kala) as a cyclical, eternal wheel. In Waiting for Godot, we see a bleak parody of this cosmic cycle.

• The Repetitive Days: Act II is nearly identical to Act I. The tree has sprouted a few leaves, but the essential suffering remains unchanged. This mirrors the cycle of Samsara (birth and death) without the possibility of Moksha (liberation).
• The Loop: Vladimir’s song about the dog ("And dug a tomb and buried him...") is a recursive loop that has no beginning and no end. They are trapped in a time loop of their own making because they refuse to act within the present moment.

Section B: Guided Close Reading

Prompt: "Godot is not a character but an expectation."

1. Re-evaluating the Title

If Godot is an expectation rather than a person, the title Waiting for Godot shifts from a plot summary to a philosophical diagnosis. It implies that the characters are trapped in the act of projecting their hopes onto the future. They are "waiting for a result," violating the core tenet of the Gita: "You have a right to perform your prescribed duties, but you are not entitled to the fruits of your actions." By focusing entirely on the entitlement (Godot) rather than the duty (living), they render their existence meaningless.

2. Godot as Maya (Illusion)

Comparing Godot to the IKS concept of Maya (Illusion) reveals the tragic irony of the play. In Vedantic philosophy, Maya is the cosmic illusion that veils reality. Godot acts as Maya for Vladimir and Estragon; the promise of his arrival keeps them from engaging with the reality of their present moment.

They do not fix their boots effectively, they do not part ways to find better lives, and they do not help Lucky and Pozzo meaningfully—all because they are mesmerized by the illusion that Godot will solve their problems. Just as Maya distracts the soul from the Self (Atman), Godot distracts the tramps from their own agency.

Section C: Comparative Thinking (IKS + Absurdism)

Here, we map the bleak landscape of the Absurd against the framework of the Gita:

Concept in Gita	Explanation	Parallel in Godot
Karma (Action)	Performing one's duty is essential for existence; inaction is impossible.	The Paralysis: The tramps' inability to leave or act ("We're waiting for Godot") represents a violation of the law of Karma.
Nishkama Karma	Action performed without desire for the reward.	The Antithesis: The tramps are entirely driven by the desire for the reward (Godot's salvation).
Maya (Illusion)	The veil that hides the true nature of reality.	Godot: The entity that may not exist but dictates their entire reality. The "appointment" is the illusion.
Kala (Time)	Cyclical, destructive, and eternal.	The Static Sunset: Time is a loop that degrades them physically but offers no spiritual progress.
Moksha (Liberation)	Release from the cycle of rebirth/suffering.	Suicide: The only "release" they contemplate is hanging themselves, but even this fails.

Section D: Creative-Critical Task

Prompt: "Beckett shows what happens when human beings wait for meaning instead of creating it."

Reflection through the Lens of Swadharma

Beckett’s void is terrifying because it lacks Dharma. In the Bhagavad Gita, meaning is not something one waits for; it is something one enacts through Swadharma (one's own prescribed duty). Krishna tells Arjuna that it is better to perform one's own duty imperfectly than to master the duty of another.

Vladimir and Estragon have no Swadharma. They are stripped of social roles, context, and history. Because they have no duty to perform, they have no vehicle to create meaning. They act as beggars waiting for a king to bestow value upon them. From an IKS perspective, their suffering stems from Ajnana (ignorance) of their own agency. They believe meaning is extrinsic (coming from Godot), whereas the Gita teaches that meaning is intrinsic (coming from right action).

Section E: Critical Reflection (Metacognition)

How does using Indian Knowledge Systems change your reading of a Western modernist text?

Using IKS transforms Waiting for Godot from a play about "nothingness" into a play about "spiritual negligence." Through a Western existentialist lens, the universe is inherently meaningless, and the characters are victims of a cruel silence.

However, through the lens of the Gita, the universe is governed by Rita (cosmic order), and the characters are culpable for their own suffering because they choose Tamas (inertia) over Karma (action). IKS provides a diagnostic tool: it explains why they are suffering (attachment to fruits, lack of duty) rather than just accepting the suffering as a default state of existence. It makes the Absurd seem less like a universal truth and more like a spiritual warning: that waiting without working is the ultimate tragedy.

Conclusion

Reading Waiting for Godot through the lens of the Bhagavad Gita offers a startling revelation: the Absurd is not merely a condition of the universe, but a consequence of spiritual negligence. Vladimir and Estragon are not tragic heroes fighting a cruel fate; they are souls trapped in Tamas (inertia), paralyzed by their attachment to a future fruit that never ripens.

Where Western existentialism sees their waiting as a brave endurance of the meaningless, IKS reveals it to be a failure of Dharma. The Gita teaches that "one who performs their duty without attachment ... attains the Supreme." The tramps fail not because Godot doesn't come, but because they never truly start living. They are waiting for a Savior, while the Gita insists that the only savior is the Self acting in accordance with the Divine Law. Ultimately, to wait for Godot is to deny the Karma of the present moment.

References 

Barad, Dilip. "Understanding 'Waiting for Godot' Through the Bhagavad Gita." IKS in English Classroom Worksheet, Maharaja Krishnakumarsinhji Bhavnagar University, 2026. DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.2.25436.04480.

Beckett, Samuel. Waiting for Godot: A Tragicomedy in Two Acts. Faber and Faber, 1956.

The Bhagavad Gita. Translated by Eknath Easwaran, Nilgiri Press, 2007.

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The Sheep, the Goat, and Existential Hope in Waiting for Godot

Shadows in the Fog: Tracing the Trauma of the Tyrones in a Modern World

This blog is assigned by Ms. Megha Trivedi on a comprehensive analysis of Eugene O'Neill's 'Long Day's Journey into Night' with contemporary lenses. 

I. Introduction: The Haunted House of American Drama

To understand the fractured soul of the American family, one must eventually knock on the door of the Monte Cristo Cottage in New London, Connecticut. It is here, in the fictionalized living room of James Tyrone, that Eugene O'Neill staged his magnum opus, Long Day’s Journey into Night. This is not merely a play; it is an exorcism. Written in 1941, deep in the twilight of O'Neill's life, the manuscript was so painful that he locked it in a vault, demanding it remain unpublished until twenty-five years after his death. He could not bear for the world to see the naked, trembling ghosts of his parents and brother while his generation still walked the earth.

When it was finally released in 1956, three years after his death, it shattered the theatrical world, earning O'Neill a posthumous Pulitzer Prize and redefining the genre of tragedy. Unlike the tragedies of ancient Greece, which dealt with fallen kings and angry gods, O'Neill’s tragedy dealt with something far more terrifying: the breakfast table. It explored the slow, grinding attrition of a family that loves each other too much to leave, but hurts each other too deeply to heal.

The Unity of Time and The Fog

The play adheres violently to the Aristotelian unity of time. The entire narrative arc is compressed into a single day—August 1912—beginning at 8:30 AM in the bright, deceptive sunshine of morning and spiraling inexorably into the dark, whiskey-soaked abyss of midnight. This structure is crucial. It creates a pressure-cooker environment where there is no escape. The characters cannot leave the stage; they cannot leave the house; they cannot leave their past.

Surrounding this house is the play’s most vital character: the Fog. Throughout the day, the fog rolls in from the harbor, thickening as the hours pass. For Mary Tyrone, the morphine-addicted matriarch, the fog is a comfort—a "white curtain" that hides her from the judging eyes of the world and allows her to regress into her girlhood dreams. For the men—James, Jamie, and Edmund—the fog is a blinding, suffocating force that traps them in their own failure. It symbolizes the family’s inability to see the truth, or perhaps, their refusal to acknowledge the reality standing right in front of them.

The Dramatis Personae: A Quartet of Doom

The Tyrone family is a masterpiece of psychological complexity, each representing a different facet of human suffering:

• James Tyrone: The patriarch, a matinee idol who sold his soul for commercial success. He is haunted by the specter of the "poorhouse," a trauma from his impoverished Irish childhood that has turned him into a miser. He possesses the land, the money, and the house, but he cannot buy peace.
• Mary Tyrone: The emotional center of the play. A woman who lost her faith and her way, drifting into the numbness of morphine to escape the guilt of a dead child (Eugene) and the loneliness of a life spent in cheap hotels. She is a ghost haunting her own life.
• Jamie Tyrone: The elder son, a cynical reflection of his father. At 33, he is a wasted talent, masking his self-loathing with alcohol and brothels. He loves his younger brother, yet subconsciously wants to destroy him to validate his own failure.
• Edmund Tyrone: The younger son and O'Neill’s stand-in. A poet and dreamer who is diagnosed with tuberculosis (consumption) during the play. He is the mirror that forces the family to look at itself.

II. Analytical Response to Core Questions

Q1) Communication Gaps: The Noise of Silence

How are communication gaps within the Tyrone family similar to or different from those in a modern family shown in a film, web series, TV serial, or real-life situation? Explain with examples.

In Long Day’s Journey into Night, the tragedy is not that the family members do not speak to each other; it is that they speak incessantly without ever truly communicating. This dynamic is best described by the psychological concept of the "Double Bind"—a situation where a person receives contradictory messages, ensuring that no matter how they respond, they are wrong.

The Tyrone Dynamic: Denial and Deflection

The communication gap in the Tyrone household is maintained through a complex system of denial. The "gap" is the vast, unspoken space occupied by Mary’s addiction and Edmund’s illness. The family dances around these topics with exhausting verbal agility.

Consider the breakfast scene. The men watch Mary with hawk-like intensity, looking for signs of withdrawal or relapse. When Mary asks why they are staring, they immediately deflect: "We aren't staring! You look beautiful! You've gained weight!" They use language to mask reality, gaslighting Mary into believing everything is fine, while simultaneously signaling their distrust. This creates a "High-Context" communication failure, where every sentence is loaded with thirty years of unspoken resentment. When they do break the silence, it is usually to blame. James blames Mary’s addiction on her weak will; Mary blames her addiction on James’s cheapness. They communicate to wound, not to heal.

Modern Comparison: Kapoor & Sons (Film) and Succession (Series)

To understand this in a contemporary framework, we can examine the dysfunctional dynamics in the film Kapoor & Sons (2016) and the HBO series Succession. These narratives mirror the Tyrones' struggle but filter it through the lens of modern modernity.

Similarity: The "Open Secret" and The Dinner Table Battlefield
In Kapoor & Sons, the Kapoor family operates on the exact same frequency of "open secrets" as the Tyrones. Just as the Tyrones pretend Mary is not going upstairs to shoot morphine, the Kapoors pretend that the parents’ marriage is stable and that the elder son, Rahul, is the perfect child. In both narratives, the "communication gap" is a structural necessity; if they were to speak the truth, the family unit would dissolve.

Both works utilize the dining table as the arena of conflict. In O'Neill’s play, the lunch scene is excruciating because of the silence and the clinking of cutlery against the backdrop of suspicion. In Kapoor & Sons, the climactic dinner scene explodes when the plumbing leaks—a metaphor for the secrets they can no longer contain. The similarity lies in the "Performance of Family": both the Tyrones and the Kapoors are performing the role of a happy family for themselves, terrified of what will happen when the curtain falls.

Difference: Strategic vs. Reactive Silence
However, a key difference emerges when we look at a show like Succession. In the Tyrone family, the communication breakdown is emotional and reactive; they hurt each other because they are in pain. Jamie attacks Edmund ("I wanted you to fail") and immediately recoils in shame. In a modern corporate-family narrative like Succession, communication gaps are weaponized strategically. The Roys withhold information to gain power, whereas the Tyrones withhold information to preserve a delusion.

The Technological Chasm
Furthermore, modern real-life scenarios introduce a variable O'Neill never contended with: Technology. The Tyrones are physically trapped in a single room, forcing them to confront the "gap." In a modern family, a member uncomfortable with a mother’s addiction or a father’s anger would retreat into a smartphone. The "gap" today is often filled with digital noise—scrolling, texting, streaming—creating a "Low-Context" environment where family members are physically present but emotionally entirely elsewhere. The Tyrones drowned their silence in whiskey; modern families drown theirs in Wi-Fi.

Q2) Addiction and Emotional Neglect

Addiction and emotional neglect play a major role in the Tyrone family. How are these issues represented in a modern family narrative, and what changes (if any) do you notice in society’s response to them?

Eugene O'Neill was decades ahead of his time in his depiction of addiction. While the society of 1912 viewed addiction as a moral failing—a lack of character or willpower—O'Neill portrayed it as a disease of the soul, inextricably linked to emotional neglect and trauma.

The Cycle of Enabling in the Tyrone Household

In the play, the addiction is not merely Mary’s problem; it is the family’s ecosystem. The Tyrone men are classic "enablers." James provides the money that buys the morphine. Jamie and Edmund pretend not to notice Mary’s erratic behavior because they are terrified of the confrontation. This creates a "Codependent" loop. Mary uses drugs to escape the loneliness caused by James’s constant traveling and stinginess; James drinks to escape the guilt of causing Mary’s addiction; the sons drink to escape the misery of the house.

The root cause, however, is emotional neglect. Mary constantly laments her "lost home." She has never had a proper home because James, driven by his fear of poverty, dragged the family through cheap hotels and dressing rooms. This rootlessness left Mary isolated, and when she suffered the trauma of a difficult birth (Edmund) and the death of a child (Eugene), she was given morphine instead of love or therapy. The "cure" became the curse.

Modern Representation: Beautiful Boy and Euphoria

When we compare this to modern narratives like the film Beautiful Boy (2018) or the series Euphoria, we see a distinct shift in how society frames the addict, yet a heartbreaking similarity in how the family suffers.

From Sin to Sickness: The Societal Shift
In Long Day’s Journey into Night, James Tyrone screams at Mary, "If you had any willpower!" He views her addiction as a sin to be hidden from the neighbors. This was the "Moral Model" of addiction. In contrast, Beautiful Boy depicts the "Medical Model." The father, David Sheff, does not hide his son’s crystal meth addiction; he actively seeks brain scans, reads scientific literature, and sends him to top-tier rehabilitation centers. Society has shifted from shaming the addict to trying to "hack" the cure.

The Persistence of Helplessness
Despite this shift in knowledge, the emotional landscape remains identical. The scene in Beautiful Boy where the father sits in a diner, realizing he cannot save his son despite all his money and love, mirrors the scene where James Tyrone sits drinking in the dark, realizing his wealth cannot cure Mary. The tragedy of the "Relapse" is timeless. Whether it is Mary descending the stairs with her wedding gown or a modern teenager relapsing after rehab, the devastation to the family trust is the same.

The New Neglect
Furthermore, modern narratives highlight a new form of emotional neglect. In O'Neill’s time, neglect was born of necessity and poverty trauma. In modern shows like Euphoria, neglect is often depicted as a byproduct of hyper-capitalism and narcissism. Parents are physically present but psychologically absent, pursuing careers or their own lives, leaving children to find solace in substances. The "Spare Room" where Mary shoots morphine has been replaced by the "Locked Bedroom" of the modern teenager, but the isolation is exactly the same.

Q3) Generational Conflicts: The Depression Mentality vs. Modern Nihilism

Examine generational conflicts in the Tyrone family and compare it with parent–child conflict in a contemporary family.

The war between James Tyrone and his sons is a clash of civilizations. It is the friction between a generation that built the world from nothing and a generation that finds that world uninhabitable.

The Tyrone Conflict: Scarcity vs. Privilege

James Tyrone is the embodiment of the Immigrant Dream. Abandoned by his father at age 10, he worked in a machine shop to survive. This trauma rewired his brain: he equates money with survival. Even though he is now wealthy, he cannot stop "economizing." He unscrews lightbulbs to save pennies, buys second-hand cars, and most tragically, hired a cheap "quack" doctor to treat Mary, which led to her addiction.

Jamie and Edmund, conversely, represent the "Lost Generation." They have grown up with the privilege James provided, yet they despise him for it. They view his thriftiness not as a survival mechanism, but as tyranny. James looks at Edmund and sees a lazy ingrate who "doesn't know the value of a dollar." Edmund looks at James and sees a man who values dollars more than human life. It is the clash between Trauma-Informed Pragmatism and Intellectual Idealism.

Contemporary Comparison: Boomers vs. Gen Z/Millennials

This dynamic is startlingly relevant to the "Ok Boomer" conflicts of the 2020s. The arguments in the Tyrone living room could easily be transposed to a modern Thanksgiving dinner.

Economic Trauma vs. Economic Anxiety
James Tyrone represents the modern "Boomer" figure who worked hard, bought property cheaply, and cannot understand why the younger generation struggles. When James yells about the electric bill, it parallels modern arguments about "avocado toast" or "lattes." The older generation views financial struggle as a lack of discipline.

Edmund, facing a fatal diagnosis of tuberculosis, represents the modern youth facing climate change or economic instability. Edmund’s nihilism—his reading of Nietzsche and Schopenhauer—is a defense mechanism against a world that feels doomed. This mirrors the "Doom Spending" or "Quiet Quitting" of modern generations who feel the traditional path (Work Hard = Success) is broken. Edmund isn't lazy; he is disillusioned.

Intergenerational Trauma
The most profound insight, however, is the concept of Intergenerational Trauma. We now understand that James behaves this way because he was traumatized as a child. His "stinginess" is a scar. In the play, the sons only see the villain. In a modern family, equipped with the language of therapy and psychology, there is a better chance of understanding. A modern Edmund might realize, "Dad isn't cheap because he hates me; he is cheap because he is terrified of being poor again." O'Neill grants the audience this insight, but tragically, the characters only find it when they are too drunk to act on it.

III. Conclusion: The Long Journey Home

Long Day’s Journey into Night is not merely a play about a dysfunctional family in 1912; it is a mirror reflecting the eternal struggle of the human condition. It suggests that the family is the first country we ever inhabit, and for many of us, it is a war zone.

Through the lens of Communication Gaps, we see that the Tyrones' "mutual accusations" and avoidance create a fog that no amount of talking can clear. They teach us that silence is dangerous, but the wrong words can be deadly. The comparison with Kapoor & Sons reveals that even in modern times, families still hide behind "open secrets" to maintain a facade of normalcy, only to have the truth burst forth when the pressure becomes unbearable.

In examining Addiction and Neglect, we find that while society has shifted from a moral model to a medical one, the "emotional trauma" of loving an addict remains unchanged. The Tyrones' inability to confront their "diseased body" mirrors the struggles of countless modern families who find themselves helpless against the tide of opioids or mental illness.

Finally, the Generational Conflict highlights the timeless war between a parent's trauma and a child's confusion. James Tyrone’s stinginess is not just greed; it is a scar from the past. By viewing this through the modern lens of "intergenerational trauma," we can see the Tyrones not as villains, but as victims of their own history.

O'Neill leaves us with no easy answers. The play ends in silence, with Mary lost in her drug-induced past, clutching her wedding dress—a symbol of the innocence that can never be recovered. But in analyzing their pain, we perhaps learn how to better navigate our own. We learn that to survive the "fog," we must do what the Tyrones could not: we must forgive the past, and we must learn to speak the truth before the night sets in.

References 

Bloom, Harold, ed. Eugene O'Neill's Long Day's Journey into Night. Infobase Publishing, 2009.

Bogard, Travis. Contour in Time: The Plays of Eugene O'Neill. Oxford University Press, 1988.

Carpenter, Frederic I. Eugene O'Neill. Twayne Publishers, 1979.

Manheim, Michael. The Cambridge Companion to Eugene O'Neill. Cambridge University Press, 1998.

Sheaffer, Louis. O'Neill: Son and Artist. Little, Brown and Company, 1973.

Berlin, Normand. "The Tyrones' Long Journey." Modern Drama, vol. 39, no. 3, 1996.

Eisen, Kurt. The Inner Strength of Opposites. University of Georgia Press, 1994.

Mate, Gabor. In the Realm of Hungry Ghosts: Close Encounters with Addiction. North Atlantic Books, 2010.

Wolynn, Mark. It Didn't Start with You: How Inherited Family Trauma Shapes Who We Are and How to End the Cycle. Viking, 2016.

O'Neill, Eugene. Long Day's Journey into Night. Yale University Press, 2002.

Gelb, Arthur. O'Neill: Life with Monte Cristo. Applause Books, 2000.

Batra, Shakun (Director). Kapoor & Sons. Dharma Productions, 2016.

Turkle, Sherry. Alone Together: Why We Expect More from Technology and Less from Each Other. Basic Books, 2011.

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The Eternal Present: Deconstructing Time, Gender, and Truth in Virginia Woolf’s Orlando

This blog is assigned by Ms. Prakruti Bhatt on Virginia Woolf’s modernist novel ‘Orlando: A Biography’.

Introduction

In 1928, Virginia Woolf published a book that she described in her diary as a "writer's holiday"—a frolic, a joke, a diversion from her more serious work. That book was Orlando: A Biography. Yet, nearly a century later, this "joke" stands as one of the most profound explorations of human identity in the English canon.

Dedicated to her lover, the aristocratic poet Vita Sackville-West, the novel traces the life of a young Elizabethan nobleman who lives for over three hundred years, mysteriously changing sex from male to female halfway through, yet barely aging a day. To treat Orlando merely as a fantasy is to miss its point. It is a razor-sharp critique of the conventions of biography, a modernist experiment in the "Stream of Consciousness," and a radical sociological argument that gender is a performance rather than a biological prison.

In this blog post, we will explore these core questions. We will dissect Woolf’s manipulation of narrative time, unpack the revolutionary concept of "The New Biography," and analyze her startling thesis that the differences between men and women are products of social practice, not nature.

1. The River of the Mind: "Stream of Consciousness" in Orlando

To understand how Woolf constructs Orlando, one must first grapple with the primary tool in her modernist kit: Stream of Consciousness.

Defining the Technique

Stream of Consciousness is a narrative device that attempts to capture the multitudinous thoughts and feelings which pass through the mind. Unlike traditional Victorian realism, which focuses on external actions (what a character does, says, or sees), stream of consciousness dives into the internal. It mimics the non-linear, chaotic flow of the human mind.

"Time" in the Mind vs. "Time" on the Clock

Woolf employs stream of consciousness in Orlando specifically to challenge our understanding of time. The novel proposes that humans exist in two simultaneous time zones:

• Clock Time: The external, linear progression of seconds, minutes, and years.
• Mind Time: The internal, fluid experience of existence where a single moment can feel like an eternity.

"An hour, once it lodges in the queer element of the human spirit, may be stretched to fifty or a hundred times its clock length; on the other hand, an hour may be accurately represented on the timepiece of the mind by one second."

2. Granite and Rainbow: The Context of "The New Biography"

To fully appreciate the satire in Orlando, we must understand the literary movement it was born from and simultaneously critiqued: The New Biography.

Woolf’s Revolution

In her 1927 essay titled "The New Biography," Woolf argued for a different approach. She famously wrote that a biographer’s task is to fuse two opposing elements: the Granite of truth (facts) and the Rainbow of personality (soul). Orlando is the ultimate execution of this theory.

Feature	Traditional Biography	Orlando / The New Biography
Subject	Great Men, Politicians, Military Leaders.	A fluid, poetic individual (based on Vita Sackville-West).
Focus	External actions, dates, and public achievements.	Internal thoughts, "The Oak Tree" poem, love affairs.
Tone	Serious, moralizing, objective.	Playful, satirical, subjective.
Structure	Linear (Birth to Death).	Cyclical and Spiraling (300 years of "Life").
Truth	"Granite" – Fact-based accuracy.	"Rainbow" – Emotional and artistic truth.

The narrator frequently complains that when Orlando is thinking or writing, "there is nothing for the biographer to say." This is Woolf’s joke: the most important parts of life (thinking, creating, loving) are the parts that traditional history leaves out.

3. Clothes Change, The Self Remains: Gender in Orlando

The most famous plot point of the novel is Orlando’s transformation. In Constantinople, during his time as an Ambassador, Orlando falls into a trance. When he wakes, he is a woman.

"He stretched himself. He rose. He stood upright in complete nakedness before us, and while the trumpets pealed Truth! Truth! Truth! we have no choice left but confess—he was a woman."

This section addresses the assignment question: How do men and women experience the world differently, and is this biology or social practice?

The Thesis: "Different Sex, Same Person"

Woolf is explicit about her stance. The change in sex changes nothing about Orlando’s internal identity. She writes:

"The change of sex, though it altered their future, did nothing whatever to alter their identity... His memory—but in future we must, for convention's sake, say 'her' for 'his'—her memory then, went back through all the events of her past life without encountering any obstacle."

The Role of Social Practice (and Clothing)

If the mind is the same, why does the female Orlando act differently? Woolf attributes this entirely to Social Practice, symbolized primarily through Clothing.

When Orlando returns to England in the 18th century, she is forced to wear the heavy crinolines and corsets of the era. Woolf describes the physical sensation of the dress changing Orlando’s behavior: As a man, Orlando could ride and run. As a woman, the dress physically hampers her. She realizes that as a man, she was free to think only of her own desires; as a woman, she is forced to think about how she is perceived.

"Thus, there is much to support the view that it is clothes that wear us and not we them; we may make them take the mould of arm or breast, but they mould our hearts, our brains, our tongues to their liking."

Conclusion on Gender

Woolf concludes that "man" and "woman" are roles we play to survive. However, the ideal state is Androgyny. In the final chapters, Orlando and her husband Shelmerdine understand each other because they acknowledge the duality in each other. For Woolf, the fully realized human is one who transcends the binary.

4. Visualizing Orlando: An AI Multimedia Experiment

To bring Woolf’s descriptions to life, I utilized an AI image generator to visualize Orlando. I selected Chapter 4 as my focal point—the transitional chapter where Orlando is sailing back to England on board The Enamoured Lady, wearing female clothes for the first time while retaining her masculine memories.

The Prompt Used:
"A cinematic, high-resolution oil painting in the style of John Singer Sargent. A portrait of an androgynous 18th-century noblewoman standing on the wooden deck of a sailing ship. She is wearing a heavy, elaborate teal velvet gown with lace trimmings. Her face is striking and handsome rather than pretty, with a strong jawline. One hand rests on the hilt of a sword hidden in the folds of her dress. The background is a misty, grey English seascape."

Created by ChatGPT 

Created by Gemini Nano Banana pro

Conclusion

Virginia Woolf’s Orlando is a novel that refuses to sit still. It runs like a stream, defying the dams of historical dates and biological determinism. Through the use of stream of consciousness, Woolf allows us to experience the "long life" of the mind. Through her satire of The New Biography, she teaches us that truth is found not in facts, but in the "rainbow" of personality. And through Orlando’s transformation, she dismantles the walls between genders, arguing that while social practice and clothes may shape our behavior, the soul remains androgynous and free.

Writing this blog post and visualizing Orlando through AI has clarified that Woolf was writing science fiction of the soul. In 2024, as we constantly rewrite our own digital biographies, Orlando remains our contemporary—a guide to living authentically in a fluctuating world.

References

Woolf, Virginia. Orlando: A Biography. Hogarth Press, 1928.

Woolf, Virginia. "The New Biography." New York Herald Tribune, 1927.

Woolf, Virginia. A Room of One's Own. Hogarth Press, 1929.

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Absurdity, Angst, and the Search for Meaning: The Core of Existentialism

This Blog is a part of flipped learning activity assigned by Prof. Dr. Dilip Barad on existentialism with the help of various resources provided by him on his blog.

Introduction

Existentialism arises from a sustained philosophical concern with the problem of human meaning in a world no longer secured by religious, metaphysical, or moral absolutes. Its intellectual foundations are often traced to Søren Kierkegaard, whose emphasis on subjectivity, anxiety, and individual commitment challenged systematic philosophy, and to Friedrich Nietzsche, whose critique of traditional values and proclamation of the “death of God” exposed the fragility of inherited meanings. In the twentieth century, existentialism finds its most explicit articulation in the works of Jean-Paul Sartre, Martin Heidegger, and Albert Camus. Sartre’s claim that existence precedes essence rejects any predetermined human nature and places freedom and responsibility at the center of human life, while Heidegger’s analysis of being foregrounds finitude, temporality, and authenticity as fundamental conditions of existence. Camus, through his reflections on the absurd, examines the tension between humanity’s persistent search for meaning and the indifference of the universe, ultimately rejecting nihilism in favor of conscious revolt. Across these diverse formulations, existentialism converges on a shared insistence: that individuals must confront freedom, anxiety, and mortality directly, and assume responsibility for creating meaning in an uncertain and groundless world.

Video 1: What is Existentialism?

The concept of belief in God and its connection to the philosophy of existentialism stimulates my thinking, as Camus saw it as philosophical suicide and asserts human individuality in any given situation. All the major figures of existentialism explore human struggles in the absurdity of life. I think that the idea of believing in the existence of God just because one cannot stand tall to face the challenges that life offers is nothing more than an emotional solace.

Expanding on this, the video helps clarify why this "emotional solace" is problematic for existentialists. It acts as a barrier to true freedom. If we rely on a pre-written divine script, we avoid the terrifying weight of the "Triangle of Existentialism": Existence, Freedom, and Responsibility. By removing the safety net of divine purpose, we are forced to acknowledge that we are the sole authors of our lives. This realization brings "angst," but it is also the only path to authenticity. To exist without excuses means we cannot blame God or fate for our actions; we are condemned to be free, and that responsibility, while heavy, is what makes human life significant.

Video 2: The Myth of Sisyphus (The Absurd Reasoning)

The meaning in and of life itself has always been an integral question among human civilization. Albert Camus's modern philosophical essay "The Myth of Sisyphus" discusses the cause of suicide and asserts in the very first sentence that it is the absurdity of life that leads to suicidal thoughts. If an individual fails to arrive at any reasonable conclusion, there are two approaches—death or hope. Camus offers a rather hopeful solution to a monotonous and absurd life in the modern world, stating at the end of the essay, "One must imagine Sisyphus happy." I think this is an appropriate approach to human despair and surrender.

This conclusion is powerful because it redefines what "victory" looks like. Sisyphus is punished with useless labor—pushing a rock up a hill only to watch it roll back down—which mirrors the repetitive nature of modern human existence. We study, work, and struggle, often without a guaranteed final reward. However, by imagining Sisyphus happy, we are not denying the rock's weight; we are denying the rock's power to crush our spirit. His happiness is his rebellion. It suggests that meaning is not found in the outcome of our labor, which is often futile, but in the struggle itself. The act of pushing becomes the meaning, making us masters of our own days.

Video 3: The Myth of Sisyphus (Philosophical Suicide)

Albert Camus thinks that when an individual fails to be or live in a state of absurdity, he either ends up losing all hope for a happy life, or he commits what Camus calls "philosophical suicide" by neglecting the very existence of the absurd. What I find interesting here is that, unlike Kierkegaard, who finds a solution to the absurd in faith, existentialists assert that there's no solution to the absurd but only negation. Now it becomes easier to comprehend the last line of "The Myth of Sisyphus," because what it provides us with is not a solution but a mere negation.

This concept of "negation" is crucial to distinguish from despair. When Camus speaks of "philosophical suicide," he refers to the "leap of faith"—the moment reason abandons itself to believe in something unprovable to feel safe. By refusing this leap, the existentialist remains in the uncomfortable, fragile space of the Absurd. This seems difficult, but I see it as a form of extreme honesty. It is a refusal to lie to oneself about the nature of the world. By maintaining this "negation," we keep our eyes open. We accept the world's silence and our own desire for meaning, and we choose to live in that tension without trying to resolve it artificially with false hope.

Video 4: Dadaism, Nihilism, and Existentialism

The Dada movement emerged after the First World War and was a reaction against it. I think the outburst of this movement in all kinds of art, which aimed to create a more rational and thoughtful society, is against the civilization that produced war, violence, and mass destruction. Dada exposes the shallowness of current systems that do not promote reason and truth. I think it paved the way for the later, more revolutionary and existential movements to follow. Dadaism replaced nationalism with humanism. I can notice a striking change in the treatment of the subject of war as it started exploring the condition of an individual rather than the interest of a nation. War poetry is a glaring example of this shift in literature.

The connection between Dadaism and Existentialism is fascinating because one functions as the demolition crew and the other as the architect. Dadaism had to come first to dismantle the old "rational" values—nationalism, duty, and cultural authority—that led to the senseless slaughter of WWI. It created a "blank slate" by showing that these old values were empty. Existentialism then stepped into this void. Once Dada had cleared the ground of false meanings, Existentialism asked, "Okay, now that we know the old ways are broken, how do we build a life?" Dadaism’s chaotic rejection of systems allowed Existentialism to center the focus back on the naked, singular human experience.

Video 5: Existentialism - A Gloomy Philosophy?

Existentialism presents us with existential questions that are often difficult to answer, which may explain why people consider it a gloomy philosophy. This philosophy poses questions that uncover human emotions such as anxiety, despair, confusion, and absurdity, and that may be the reason people think it ultimately leads to nihilism and narcissism. It challenges our deep-rooted belief system that we were hitherto following, and it makes us uneasy to think of any other way rather than stick to it. But I think that it is, to some extent, a gloomy and uncheerful philosophy.

However, while it admits to gloom, it is not a philosophy of defeat. I would argue that its "uncheerful" nature is actually a form of optimistic toughness. It is like a doctor giving a harsh but necessary diagnosis: we must know we are sick (full of angst and without inherent purpose) before we can truly live. If we ignore the gloom, we live in "bad faith," pretending everything is fine. By confronting the gloom—the anxiety of choice and the certainty of death—we wake up. The philosophy might strip away our comfortable illusions, but in doing so, it hands us back the dignity of being fully awake and alive in the real world.

Video 6: Existentialism and Nihilism

Camus seems to have been providing us two contrary points of view to look at the situation of Sisyphus: either to imagine him happy or to rebel against that absurdity of life. It would be a "philosophical suicide" if we imagine Sisyphus happy, and rebellion against God is almost unthinkable. The choice between these two options makes life absurd and meaningless.

However, upon deeper reflection, I realize that Camus actually argues that imagining Sisyphus happy is the opposite of philosophical suicide—it is his ultimate victory. Philosophical suicide would be if Sisyphus stopped pushing the rock and started praying for a future life, or if he gave up in despair. That would be an escape. But by finding happiness in the struggle, Sisyphus revolts against his punishment. He embraces his fate, and by doing so, he rises above it. The absurdity doesn't vanish, but it no longer defeats him. This nuances my understanding: the true rebellion is not fighting God directly, but simply refusing to be miserable in a meaningless world.

Video 7: Let Us Introduce Existentialism Again!

This video offers a concise yet insightful introduction to existentialism, effectively navigating a philosophy often perceived as difficult to define. It highlights that existentialism isn't a rigid system but a philosophical movement deeply concerned with "The Human Condition". The core of this concern lies in grappling with fundamental questions like "Why am I here?" and "How should I live my life?", without the comfort of pre-made, absolute answers from religious or philosophical systems. A key takeaway is the existentialist rejection of definitive answers, emphasizing instead the individual's burden and freedom to create meaning. The video powerfully elaborates on "existence precedes essence", a concept championed by Jean-Paul Sartre, which posits that humans are not born with a predetermined purpose but forge their own essence through their choices. This directly contrasts with traditional views, like Aristotle's essence or a divinely imposed one. Finally, the video crucially distinguishes existentialism from nihilism. While both reject objective meaning, existentialists, unlike nihilists, champion the human capacity to create personal, subjective meaning. Nietzsche's idea of "becoming who you are" perfectly encapsulates this active pursuit of self-created virtue and purpose, underscoring the difficult yet liberating journey existentialism advocates. It's a call to face life's inherent confusions head-on, taking control of one's narrative rather than conforming.

This distinction between Existentialism and Nihilism is perhaps the most important takeaway. It is easy to look at the "death of God" or the lack of objective morality and slide into the belief that "nothing matters." That is nihilism. Existentialism takes that same starting point but moves in a completely different direction: because nothing matters objectively, everything matters subjectively. If the universe doesn't care, it means I am completely free to care about what I choose. This shifts the focus from a "loss" of meaning to a "creation" of meaning. We are not discovering a path hidden in the bushes; we are hacking a path through a jungle where none existed before.

Video 8: Explain Like I'm Five (Nietzsche)

This video, while aiming to simplify complex philosophical concepts for a young audience, offers an interesting case study in pedagogical approaches to abstract ideas. The hosts' use of relatable scenarios, such as questioning parental rules and the concept of "good boy/girl" behavior, effectively grounds existentialism and Nietzsche's Übermensch in children's lived experiences. However, the simplification, particularly concerning the Übermensch as merely "someone who could do whatever he wants", risks misrepresenting Nietzsche's nuanced philosophy, which emphasizes self-overcoming and creating one's values, not pure hedonism or anarchy. Academically, the video highlights the challenge of translating dense philosophical thought into accessible language without losing critical fidelity. While the "explain like I'm five" premise is inherently reductive, a more balanced introduction might hint at the moral responsibilities inherent in radical freedom. For me, this video serves as a reminder of the delicate balance between clarity and accuracy when disseminating complex ideas, emphasizing that while simplification can engage, it must be carefully managed to avoid oversimplification or misinterpretation.

Video 9: Why I Like Existentialism (Eric Dodson)

Eric Dodson's personal take on existentialism in this video resonates deeply with what I understand as the philosophy's most impactful aspects. He masterfully portrays existentialism not as a purely academic pursuit, but as a practical guide for a more meaningful existence. When he speaks of its "intellectual side" appealing to the mind and a "deeper and more subtle side" appealing to the heart and soul, I find this perfectly encapsulates the essence of "existence precedes essence" - that our lived experience and emotional engagement are paramount to defining who we are. For me, Dodson's emphasis on existentialism's "staggering honesty" about life's absurdities and suffering is where its true power for growth lies. The idea that "suffering is not actually our enemy... sometimes it's our greatest friend and ally" is a profound shift in perspective. It challenges us to embrace difficult experiences, seeing them as catalysts for wisdom and deeper understanding. This honesty fosters immense resilience, as one learns to confront discomfort rather than evade it. Furthermore, I believe existentialism, as Dodson articulates, truly helps individuals grow by encouraging radical freedom and responsibility. His appreciation for its "rebellious way of thinking" and the call to "see how free you can really be" are pivotal. It encourages shedding limiting beliefs and actively participating in life, rather than being a mere spectator. This ultimately empowers us to create our own meaning, leading to what Dodson describes as a "more intensified and more amplified sense of its further horizons and possibilities".

Video 10: Let Us Sum Up (Essentialism vs. Existentialism)

I found this video to be a really insightful exploration of existentialism, especially in how it positioned the philosophy against essentialism. The way the video introduced essentialism right at the start, explaining it as the belief that everything has a predetermined "essence" or purpose before it even exists, was incredibly effective. For instance, the analogy of the knife how it needs a blade to truly be a knife, regardless of its handle-made the concept of essential properties so clear. It helped me grasp how this classical view suggests humans might also have an inherent purpose from birth. By laying out this traditional perspective, the video created a perfect backdrop to understand the radical shift that existentialism represents. The contrast between these two ideas, particularly with the existentialist mantra that "existence precedes essence", highlighted the core difference without me having to struggle with abstract definitions. It made the leap from a divinely ordained purpose to a self- created one much more comprehensible.

The Video I liked Personally 

Among the many videos I have reflected upon concerning existentialism, I find myself most aligned with the views expressed in the third video, despite its brevity. The concepts of 'philosophical suicide,' inevitable absurdity, and 'leap' are the ones that have drawn my attention to more complicated yet necessary ideas. We find existentialism relevant to our lives, but we fail to put these values into practice due to societal pressure. Existentialist ideas significantly differ from the values and rules of the society in which we live. When this clash of ideas occurs, we choose what is easy, not what we think is right for us. An absurd man knows there is no place for hope. He recognizes that 'seeking what is true is not seeking what is desirable.' His reasoning should remain faithful to the evidence that aroused it, the absurd itself. Taking the 'leap' (philosophical suicide) is the easy way out. The truly dangerous and challenging path is 'being able to remain on that disinterest in the subtle instant that precedes the leap.' One may not find meaning in one's life, but one needs to embrace the absurdity of life without abandoning one's own established visions of and approach to life. This procedure requires a delicate balance between acceptance and defiance, recognizing the chaos while still striving for personal authenticity. Ultimately, it is in this tension that one discovers the richness of human experience, navigating through both the absurd and the profound.

Learning Outcomes

Has your comprehension of Existentialist philosophy improved?

This flipped learning activity considerably improved my comprehension of existential philosophy. I came to know about other existentialists apart from Nietzsche and Camus. The concept of philosophical suicide, the nature of the absurd, Aristotle's concept of essentialism, and the very essence of what existentialism truly advocates for proved to be new and interesting. Apart from existentialism, I gained some impactful insights on dadaism, nihilism, and narcissism as well.

Do you feel more confident discussing or writing about it?

This activity exposed me to various aspects of existential philosophy, including its background, core concepts from major existential philosophers, and its relation to contemporary movements, which has increased my confidence in writing and discussing existentialism. I can answer questions based on existentialism with more knowledge and clarity than this activity bought. 

Has this exercise brought clarity to any previously unclear concepts?

Previously I was unable to distinguish clearly between various movements and philosophies that emerged in the 20th century, such as Dadaism, nihilism, and existentialism, and this exercise cleared that distinction for me. This activity brought clarity and assurance in understanding many theories proposed by existentialists such as Camus, Sartre, and Kierkegaard. This activity cleared my previous concepts and introduced some new ones to me as well.

Thought Provoking Questions

Do existentialist thinkers deny the possibility of a final solution to the problem of the absurd? 

Is imagining Sisyphus happy a true victory over the absurd, or merely another form of emotional solace?

If I am the sole architect of my values, does my radical freedom risk collapsing into destructive chaos?

How can I remain faithful to my truth when the world constantly demands I surrender my authenticity?

Is my creation of meaning a genuine revolt, or just a disguise to mask the world’s indifference?

References

• Barad, Dilip. “Existentialism: Video Resources.” Dilip Barad | Teacher Blog, 19 Sept. 2016, blog.dilipbarad.com/2016/09/existentialism-video-resources.html.
• Dostoevsky, Fyodor. Crime and Punishment. Translated by Constance Garnett, Project Gutenberg, 28 Mar. 2006, www.gutenberg.org/files/2554/2554-h/2554-h.htm.
• Dostoevsky, Fyodor. Notes from the Underground. Translated by Constance Garnett, Project Gutenberg, 1 July 1996, www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/600. Project Gutenberg eBook #600.
• Dostoevsky, Fyodor. The Brothers Karamazov. Translated by Constance Garnett, Project Gutenberg, 12 Feb. 2009, www.gutenberg.org/files/28054/old/28054-pdf.pdf. Project Gutenberg eBook #28054.
• Gallagher, Shaun, et al. “Existentialism (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy).” Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, 6 January 2023, https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/existentialism/. Accessed 23 January 2026.